Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model

Abstract

A hybrid nanofluid is a kind of nanofluid that is made by combining a base fluid with two distinct types of nanomaterials. Compared to nanofluids, they have been discovered to have better thermal properties and stability, which makes them viable options for thermal applications such as heat sinks, solar thermal systems, automotive cooling systems, and thermal energy storage. Moreover, the research of nanofluids is typically limited to models with partial differential equations of integer order, which neglect the heredity characteristics and memory effect. To overcome these shortcomings, this study seeks to enhance our understanding of heat transfer in hybrid nanofluids by considering fractional Maxwell models. In time-fractional problems, one of the most significant and useful tools is the Caputo fractional derivative. Therefore, the fractional-order derivatives are approximated using the Caputo derivative. However, the integer-order derivatives are discretized using an implicit finite difference method, namely, the Crank–Nicolson method. It is an unconditionally stable and a second-order method in time. The impact of pertinent flow parameters on fluid motion and heat transfer characteristics is examined and displayed in numerous graphs. The results indicate that the volume concentration of hybrid nanoparticles boosts temperature and Nusselt number. Moreover, increasing the magnetic parameter increases Lorentz’s resistive forces, which reduces the velocity and raises the temperature of the fluid, and these effects are more dominant at t=5t=5.

Keywords

• hybrid nanofluid
• maxwell fluid model
• fractional derivative
• magnetohydrodynamics
• crank-nicolson method