Electrochemical Storage Behavior of a High-Capacity Mg-Doped P2-Type Na_2/3Fe_1−yMn_yO₂ Cathode Material Synthesized by a Sol–Gel Method

Abstract

Grid-scale energy storage applications can benefit from rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. As a potential material for making non-cobalt, nickel-free, cost-effective cathodes, earth-abundant Na2/3Fe1/2Mn1/2O2 is of particular interest. However, Mn3+ ions are particularly susceptible to the Jahn–Teller effect, which can lead to an unstable structure and continuous capacity degradation. Modifying the crystal structure by aliovalent doping is considered an effective strategy to alleviate the Jahn–Teller effect. Using a sol–gel synthesis route followed by heat treatment, we succeeded in preparing an Mg-doped Na2/3Fe1−yMnyO2 cathode. Its electrochemical properties and charge compensation mechanism were then studied using synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy and in situ X-ray diffraction techniques. The results revealed that Mg doping reduced the number of Mn3+ Jahn–Teller centers and alleviated high voltage phase transition. However, Mg doping was unable to suppress the P2-P’2 phase transition at a low voltage discharge. An initial discharge capacity of about 196 mAh g−1 was obtained at a current density of 20 mAh g−1, and 60% of rate capability was maintained at a current density of 200 mAh g−1 in a voltage range of 1.5–4.3 V. This study will greatly contribute to the ongoing search for advanced and efficient cathodes from earth-abundant elements for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries operable at room temperature.

Keywords

• sol–gel
• gel precursor
• sodium-ion battery
• energy storage
• cathode material