Endocrinology and Metabolism (Oct 2024)

Small Multi-Gene DNA Panel Can Aid in Reducing the Surgical Resection Rate and Predicting the Malignancy Risk of Thyroid Nodules

  • Moon Young Oh,
  • Hye-Mi Choi,
  • Jinsun Jang,
  • Heejun Son,
  • Seung Shin Park,
  • Minchul Song,
  • Yoo Hyung Kim,
  • Sun Wook Cho,
  • Young Jun Chai,
  • Woosung Chung,
  • Young Joo Park

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2034
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 39, no. 5
pp. 777 – 792

Abstract

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Background We explored the utility of a small multi-gene DNA panel for assessing molecular profiles of thyroid nodules and influencing clinical decisions by comparing outcomes between tested and untested nodules. Methods Between April 2022 and May 2023, we prospectively performed fine-needle aspiration (FNA) with gene testing via DNA panel of 11 genes (BRAF, RAS [NRAS, HRAS, KRAS], EZH1, DICER1, EIF1AX, PTEN, TP53, PIK3CA, TERT promoter) in 278 consecutive nodules (panel group). Propensity score-matching (1:1) was performed with 475 nodules that consecutively underwent FNA without gene testing between January 2021 and December 2021 (control group). Results In the panel group, positive call rate for mutations was 41.7% (BRAF 16.2%, RAS 12.6%, others 11.5%, double mutation 1.4%) for all nodules, and 40.0% (BRAF 4.3%, RAS 19.1%, others 15.7%, double mutation 0.9%) for indeterminate nodules. Benign call rate was 69.8% for all nodules, and 75.7% for indeterminate nodules. In four nodules, additional TP53 (in addition to BRAF or EZH1) or PIK3CA (in addition to BRAF or TERT) mutations were co-detected. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 80.0%, 53.3%, 88.1%, 38.1% for all nodules, and 78.6%, 45.5%, 64.7%, 62.5% for indeterminate nodules, respectively. Panel group exhibited lower surgical resection rates than the control group for all nodules (27.0% vs. 52.5%, P<0.001), and indeterminate nodules (23.5% vs. 68.2%, P<0.001). Malignancy risk was significantly different between the panel and control groups (81.5% vs. 63.9%, P=0.008) for all nodules. Conclusion Our panel aids in managing thyroid nodules by providing information on malignancy risk based on mutations, potentially reducing unnecessary surgery in benign nodules or patients with less aggressive malignancies.

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