Green synthesis of novel spiropyrazoline-indolinones in neutral deep eutectic solvents and DFT studies
Zubi Sadiq,
Ambreen Ghani,
Muhammad A. Hashmi,
A. Dahshan,
Shahnaz,
Samiah H. Al-Mijalli,
Munawar Iqbal,
Erum A. Hussain
Affiliations
Zubi Sadiq
Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
Ambreen Ghani
Department of Chemistry, University of Education Lahore, Vehari Campus, 61100, Pakistan
Muhammad A. Hashmi
Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Attock Campus, Attock, 43600, Pakistan
A. Dahshan
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
Shahnaz
Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
Samiah H. Al-Mijalli
Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia; Corresponding author.
Munawar Iqbal
Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan; Corresponding author.
Erum A. Hussain
Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan; Corresponding author.
Novel spiropyrazoline-indolinones (4a–t) have been synthesized successfully in neutral deep eutectic solvents by reacting 5-Cl/Br-isatin (1a–b) with aromatic ketones (2a–b) and a variety of substituted hydrazines (3a–e) in good to excellent yields. This eco-friendly straightforward synthetic protocol discloses good functional group compatibility. The conventional synthetic approach was compared with the greener route of microwave-assisted synthesis of spiropyrazolines using ethanol. This approach utilized mild reaction conditions which furnished high yields in short reaction time employing one pot two-step multicomponent. All new compounds were structurally confirmed by detailed spectroscopic analysis and density functional theory calculations. This method provides efficient access to spiropyrazole derivatives using biodegradable and green solvent.
