Tobacco Induced Diseases (May 2022)

Assessment of association between smoking and all-cause mortality among Malaysian adult population: Findings from a retrospective cohort study

  • Kuang Hock Lim,
  • Yoon Ling Cheong,
  • Hui Li Lim,
  • Chee Cheong Kee,
  • Sumarni Mohd Ghazali,
  • Balvinder Singh Gill Pradmahan Singh,
  • Mohd Azahadi Omar,
  • Mohd Hazilas Mat Hashim,,
  • Yong Kang Cheah,
  • Jia Hui Lim

DOI
https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/147656
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 20, no. May
pp. 1 – 10

Abstract

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Introduction Smoking is a known risk factor for many chronic diseases. Illness and death due to smoking are a significant public health burden in many countries. This study aims to address the information gap in smoking-related mortality in Malaysia by estimating the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortalities due to smoking among Malaysian adults. Methods We analyzed data on 2525 respondents, aged 24–64 years, of the Malaysian Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance survey conducted September 2005 to February 2006. Mortality records from the Malaysian National Registration Department were linked to the MYNCDS-1 data to determine respondents’ mortality status over 12 years from 2006 to 2018. Associations between smoking and all-cause mortalities were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression with adjustments for non-communicable disease and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Results The prevalence of daily smoking was 21.2% (95% CI: 19.0–23.7). During the 31668 person-years follow-up, 213 deaths from all causes occurred, where 68 deaths were among smokers (13.2%), and 452 were among non-smokers (6.3%). Smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ration, AHR=1.79; 95% CI: 1.12– 2.97). These associations remained significant after excluding mortalities in the first two years of follow-up. Conclusions Daily smoking is associated with a significantly higher risk of all-cause death. Behavioral and pharmacological smoking cessation interventions should be intensified among smokers to reduce the risk of mortality.

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