Diffusion Restriction Comparison between Gleason 4 Fused Glands and Cribriform Glands within Patient Using Whole-Mount Prostate Pathology as Ground Truth
Savannah R. Duenweg,
Xi Fang,
Samuel A. Bobholz,
Allison K. Lowman,
Michael Brehler,
Fitzgerald Kyereme,
Kenneth A. Iczkowski,
Kenneth M. Jacobsohn,
Anjishnu Banerjee,
Peter S. LaViolette
Affiliations
Savannah R. Duenweg
Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Xi Fang
Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Samuel A. Bobholz
Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Allison K. Lowman
Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Michael Brehler
Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Fitzgerald Kyereme
Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Kenneth A. Iczkowski
Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Kenneth M. Jacobsohn
Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Anjishnu Banerjee
Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Peter S. LaViolette
Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
The presence and extent of cribriform patterned Gleason 4 (G4) glands are associated with poor prognosis following radical prostatectomy. This study used whole-mount prostate histology and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) to evaluate diffusion differences in G4 gland morphology. Fourty-eight patients underwent MP-MRI prior to prostatectomy, of whom 22 patients had regions of both G4 cribriform glands and G4 fused glands (G4CG and G4FG, respectively). After surgery, the prostate was sliced using custom, patient-specific 3D-printed slicing jigs modeled according to the T2-weighted MR image, processed, and embedded in paraffin. Whole-mount hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were annotated by our urologic pathologist and digitally contoured to differentiate the lumen, epithelium, and stroma. Digitized slides were co-registered to the T2-weighted MRI scan. Linear mixed models were fitted to the MP-MRI data to consider the different hierarchical structures at the patient and slide level. We found that Gleason 4 cribriform glands were more diffusion-restricted than fused glands.
