Exploring the Molecular Pathogenesis, Pathogen Association, and Therapeutic Strategies against HPV Infection
Anirban Goutam Mukherjee,
Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari,
Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan,
Sandra Kannampuzha,
Reshma Murali,
Arunraj Namachivayam,
Raja Ganesan,
Kaviyarasi Renu,
Abhijit Dey,
Balachandar Vellingiri,
D. S. Prabakaran
Affiliations
Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
Sandra Kannampuzha
Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
Reshma Murali
Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
Arunraj Namachivayam
Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
Raja Ganesan
Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
Kaviyarasi Renu
Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
Abhijit Dey
Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India
Balachandar Vellingiri
Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
D. S. Prabakaran
Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
The human papillomavirus (HPV), commonly documented as the cause of warts, has gained much interest recently due to its possible links to several types of cancer. HPV infection is discussed in this review from multiple angles, including its virology, epidemiology, etiology, immunology, clinical symptoms, and treatment. Recent breakthroughs in molecular biology have led to the development of new methods for detecting and treating HPV in tissue. There is no cure for HPV, and although vaccines are available to prevent infection with the most common HPV viruses, their utilization is limited. Destruction and excision are the primary treatment modalities. This review sheds light on the epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, the association of several other pathogens with HPV, the latest treatment strategies available to treat the same, and an overview of the progress made and the obstacles still to be overcome in the fight against HPV infection.
