Importância dos testes sorológicos de triagem e confirmatórios na detecção de doadores de sangue infectados pelo vírus da hepatite C Importance of screening and confirmatory tests to detect blood donors infected by the hepatitis C virus

Abstract

A triagem sorológica de doadores de sangue com baixos índices de prevalência de infecção, como no caso da hepatite C (HCV), gera um percentual considerável de resultados falso-positivos e descarte de bolsas de hemocomponentes freqüentemente não infectados. O objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar o perfil sorológico e, com base no teste confirmatório, a ocorrência de hepatite C nos doadores com sorologia positiva ou indeterminada do Hemocentro Regional de Uberaba (HRU). Os testes confirmatórios foram realizados por meio da detecção do RNA do HCV no plasma, utilizando-se o método RT-PCR qualitativa. Foram realizadas, no período de 1992 a 2005, 171.027 doações de sangue no HRU, sendo 24,3% de doadores iniciais e 75,7% de retorno. O índice de inaptidão para HCV foi de 0,3% (561 doações), sendo que 53,0% destas eram de doadores iniciais e 47,0% de retorno, com prevalências de 0,5% e 0,2%, respectivamente (pSerological screening of blood donors with low indexes of infection, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), accounts for a substantial percentage of false-positive results with consequent loss of non-infected blood components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of hepatitis C using confirmatory tests for blood donors with positive or inconclusive results at Hemocentro Regional de Uberaba (HRU). Confirmatory tests were performed by the detection of HCV RNA in plasma using qualitative RT-PCR. The study was carried out from 1992 to 2005 for 171,027 blood donors, 24.3% first-time and 75.7% repeat donors. The ineligibility rate to HCV was 0.3% (561 donors) with 52.9% of them being first-time donors and 47.0% repeat donors with prevalences of 0.5% and 0.2% respectively (p<0.0001). The rate of inconclusive results was significantly higher among repeat donors (p=0.0214). Ninety-eight samples were subjected to qualitative PCR and only 34.7% (34) had positive results, with a significantly lower rate of positiveness for repeat donors (p = 0.0184) and almost a threefold lower rate of inconclusive results for the same donors. These results showed that, for a large number of donors with positive and inconclusive tests for anti-HCV, the infection was not confirmed. We concluded that serological ineligibility for hepatitis C of donors at HRU was not always associated with the presence of viral infection.

Keywords

• Triagem sorológica
• doadores de sangue
• hepatite C
• teste confirmatório
• Serological screening
• blood donors
• hepatitis C
• confirmatory test