The Effect of Short Chain Carboxylic Acids as Additives on the Crystallization of Methylammonium Lead Triiodide (MAPI)

Abstract

Due to their exceptional properties, the study of hybrid perovskite (HyP) structures and applications dominate current photovoltaic prospects. Methylammonium lead tri-iodide perovskite (MAPI) is the model compound of the HyP class of materials that, in a few years, achieved, in photovoltaics, a power conversion efficiency of 25%. The attention on HyP has recently moved to large single crystals as emerging candidates for photovoltaic application because of their improved stability and optoelectronic properties compared to polycrystalline films. To control the quality and symmetry of the large MAPI single crystals, we proposed an original method that consisted of adding short-chain carboxylic acids to the inverse temperature crystallization (ICT) of MAPI in γ-butyrolactone (GBL). The crystals were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and Raman spectroscopy. Based on SC-XRD analysis, MAPI crystals grown using acetic and trifluoroacetic acids adopt a tetragonal symmetry “I4cm”. MAPI grown in the presence of formic acid turned out to crystallize in the orthorhombic “Fmmm” space group demonstrating the acid’s effect on the crystallization of MAPI.

Keywords

• hybrid perovskite
• methylammonium lead tri-iodide
• single-crystal
• inverse temperature crystallization
• short chain acids