Intracerebral hemorrhage after external ventricular drain placement: an evaluation of risk factors for post-procedural hemorrhagic complications

Abstract

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to evaluate and identify the risk factors for developing a new or enlarged intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) after the placement of an external ventricular drain. Methods A single center, nested case-control study of individuals who received an external ventricular drain from June 1, 2011 to June 30, 2014 was conducted at a large academic medical center. A bivariate analysis was conducted to compare those individuals who experienced a post-procedural intracranial hemorrhage to those who did not experience a new bleed. The variables identified as having a p-value less than 0.15 in the bivariate analysis were then evaluated using a multivariate logistic regression model. Results Twenty-seven of the eighty-one study participants experienced a new or enlarged intracranial hemorrhage after the placement of an external ventricular drain. Of these twenty-seven patients, 6 individuals received an antiplatelet within ninety-six hours of external ventricular drain placement (p = 0.024). The multivariate logistic regression model identified antiplatelet use within 96 h of external ventricular drain insertion as an independent risk factor for post-EVD ICH (OR 13.1; 95% CI 1.95–88.6; p = 0.008). Conclusion Compared to those study participants who did not receive an antiplatelet within 96 h of external ventricular drain placement, those participants who did receive an antiplatelet were 13.1 times more likely to exhibit a new or enlarged intracranial hemorrhage.

Keywords

• Ventriculostomy
• Cerebral hemorrhage
• Risk factors
• Retrospective studies
• External ventricular drain
• Prevention and control