Indeks Padmakar-Ivan dan indeks Randic pada graf non-koprima dari grup bilangan bulat modulo

Abstract

Graph theory, introduced by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in 1736, has played a pivotal role in solving real-world problems since its inception, notably exemplified by Euler's solution to the Konigsberg Bridge problem. Its applications extend to various domains, including scheduling, shortest path routing, and chemical structure representation. In chemistry, graphs are extensively used to depict molecular structures and chemical compounds, aiding in visualizing atomic connections and overall compound configurations. Topology indices, such as the Padmakar-Ivan (PI) and Randic indices, provide numerical values capturing chemical bonding relationships. Beyond chemical structures, these indices find applications in abstract algebraic graph representations. Recent research, exemplified by Husni et al.'s work on the harmonic and Gutman indices, explores these indices in coprime graphs of integer groups modulo prime power orders. Additionally, studies on non-coprime graphs of integer groups modulo reveal unique characteristics and invariants, shedding light on their structure. The non-coprime graph is a graph with two vertices said to be adjacent if the greatest common divisor (GCD) of their orders is not equal to one. This paper aims to investigate the topological indices, specifically the Padmakar-Ivan and Randic indices, in non-coprime graphs of integer groups modulo, adding depth to our understanding of their applicability and significance in abstract algebraic representations. Keywords: Graph theory, padmakar-ivan index, randic index, non-coprime graphs MSC2020: 05C09