Immune response to occult hepatitis B virus infection among hemodialysis patients: A review
Ali Mussa,
Nor Hayati Ismail,
Nazmul Huda Syed,
Mustafa Talib,
Alaa Siddig,
Rosline Hassan,
Rohimah Mohamud,
Nik Haszroel Hysham Nik Hashim
Affiliations
Ali Mussa
Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India; Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Omdurman Islamic University, P.O. Box 382, Omdurman, Sudan
Nor Hayati Ismail
Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
Nazmul Huda Syed
Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
Mustafa Talib
Department of Immunology, Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Eotvos Lorand University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest 1117, Hungary; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, P.O. Box 382, Omdurman, Sudan
Alaa Siddig
Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
Rosline Hassan
Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
Rohimah Mohamud
Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; Corresponding author.
Nik Haszroel Hysham Nik Hashim
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia; Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; Corresponding author at: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) has serious public health concerns. HBV infection can lead to acute hepatitis B (AHB) or chronic hepatitis B (CHB). After recovery, the viral genome (DNA) may persist for an extended period within the liver tissue and sometimes in the peripheral mononuclear cells and serum, leading to occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI), which is characterised by the absence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). Additionally, the existence of OBI DNA poses a threat to specific patient groups, such as those with patients undergoing hemodialysis. The available literature has shown ongoing efforts to improve understanding of the immune defence of hemodialysis patients. This review aims to support these efforts and elucidate the immune response's role in patients undergoing hemodialysis with OBI.
