Reason and Individual Reasoning

Abstract

The term “ljtihad” itself means to strive hard. But it has been widely used to imply independent reasoning in the development of Islamic jurisprudence. The contemporary understanding, shared widely by formally trained Islamic jurists, defines Ijtihad as an intellectual tool that seeks to articulate Islamic laws about issues on which the Qur’an and the Sunnah are decidedly silent. This standard and orthodox conceptualization of Ijtihad, theoretically limits the role of reason to analogical thinking on mundane matters. Even though most Islamic thinkers do use reason quite judiciously in the interpretation of revalation. The point that is often ignored in discussions of Ijtihad, its meaning, role, scope and functions, is that the concep tualization of Ijtihad itself is the product of Ijtihad. The development of the ‘usd uZ-fiqh, the principles of jurisprudence, and the systematic articulation and rank ordering of the sources of Islamic Law - Qur’an, Sunnah, ijma, Ijtihad, ‘urfand musZu& - are all products of an Ijtihad much wider in scope than its standard understanding. In a remarkably curious development, a conceptually wider process of Ijtihad has spawned a rather meek theory of Ijtihad. Taking a second look at the discussion between Imam Shafi‘i and his interlocutor on the Qur’anic sources of Ijtihad,’ one is amazed at how Imam Shafi’i is able to build a whole theory out of a single verse. We are turning to Imam Shafi‘i because he has arguably left the most enduring and unshakeable impact on the structure of Islamic legal thinking and in particular on the theory of Ijtihad. In his response to the question, “Is Ijtihad permiad in the Qur’an?” Imam Shafi‘i derives the instrument from only one verse of the Qur‘an and then supports it with just one other. Turn then thy face in the direction of the Sacred Mosque: wherever you are turn your faces in that direction. (2:144) ...