In Vitro Model of Human Trophoblast in Early Placentation
Darina Bačenková,
Marianna Trebuňová,
Daša Čížková,
Radovan Hudák,
Erik Dosedla,
Alena Findrik-Balogová,
Jozef Živčák
Affiliations
Darina Bačenková
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, 04200 Košice, Slovakia
Marianna Trebuňová
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, 04200 Košice, Slovakia
Daša Čížková
Centre for Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
Radovan Hudák
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, 04200 Košice, Slovakia
Erik Dosedla
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafarik Univerzity Hospital AGEL Košice-Šaca, Pavol Jozef Šafarik University in Košice, 04015 Košice-Šaca, Slovakia
Alena Findrik-Balogová
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, 04200 Košice, Slovakia
Jozef Živčák
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, 04200 Košice, Slovakia
The complex process of placental implantation and development affects trophoblast progenitors and uterine cells through the regulation of transcription factors, cytokines, adhesion receptors and their ligands. Differentiation of trophoblast precursors in the trophectoderm of early ontogenesis, caused by the transcription factors, such as CDX2, TEAD4, Eomes and GATA3, leads to the formation of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast populations. The molecular mechanisms involved in placental formation inside the human body along with the specification and differentiation of trophoblast cell lines are, mostly due to the lack of suitable cell models, not sufficiently elucidated. This review is an evaluation of current technologies, which are used to study the behavior of human trophoblasts and other placental cells, as well as their ability to represent physiological conditions both in vivo and in vitro. An in vitro 3D model with a characteristic phenotype is of great benefit for the study of placental physiology. At the same time, it provides great support for future modeling of placental disease.
