Fast frequency response services in low inertia power systems—A review

Abstract

To fight global warming, the share of electricity generation from renewable sources is increasing in the energy mix. The replacement of conventional generation plants with inverter-based generation sources has led to a reduction in the system inertia and also change the nature of the frequency control in power systems. Thus, many system operators have introduced new techniques to enhance the system frequency stability such as the Fast Frequency Response (FFR) services. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of most common tools proposed in the literature for participation in the FFR services as well as the challenges that are still facing each FFR tool. Furthermore, some of the control strategies proposed in the literature for each FFR tool have also been discussed and compared. Finally, some recommendations related to the adoption of FFR services in future power systems have been provided.

Keywords

• Frequency stability
• Fast frequency response
• Wind power plants
• Demand side management
• Electric vehicle management
• Energy storage systems