Cervical cancer in the era of precision medicine: A perspective from developing countries

Abstract

Cervical cancer (CC) constitutes about 70%–80% of squamous cell carcinoma and 10%–15% of adenocarcinoma. In about 90% of CC cases the Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection appears to be the main culprit. Other risk factors include smoking, compromised immune system, birth control pills, starting sex at a young age, and having many sexual partners. It is also important to note that CC is one among the few completely preventable cancers. It can be reverted or completely cured if detected in early stages or prevented by healthy lifestyle habits, safe sex, regular screening, and vaccination. It is worth mentioning that, with recent advances in medicine, early detection is now possible by affordable, self-sampling and simple procedures and have significantly reduced the mortality rate, however the rate of incidences has not decreased significantly, especially in older women. Commitments and initiatives by governmental and non-governmental entities through screening and vaccinations for CC are nearly reaching to total protection of girls and women. By raising the awareness on early detection and treatment of CC we can not only eliminate cervical cancer but also ensure reproductive health of the women. Hence, the present review is focused to build the awareness regarding CC by presenting an update of the latest medicinal advancements; building the basics of CC such as its causes, types of treatment modalities, advanced treatment modes, opportunities for prevention, latest technology including clinical trials and financial scenario for the treatment of this deadly disease.

Keywords

• Cervical cancer
• Prevalence
• Diagnosis
• Prevention
• Treatment
• Clinical trials