Analysis of the anthropogenic effect on the Silencio River in Salvador Escalante, Michoacán, México

Abstract

The average annual water availability worldwide is approximately 1,386 trillion cubic hectometers (hm3), of which 97.5% is saltwater and only 2.5% is freshwater. Nearly 70% is not available for human consumption as it is in glaciers, snow, and ice. It is estimated that only 0.77% is accessible freshwater for human use. Mexico has an availability of 451,584.7 million cubic meters (m3) of freshwater, with accessibility and distribution being unequal. The growth in urbanization, population, and industrialization has caused a decrease in water quality, and other parameters. Organic and inorganic contaminants evolved from various sources cause the degradation of water quality. The pollution of aquatic bodies, such as rivers and lakes, is one of the main problems in the world. In Salvador Escalante in México, the domestic wastewaters treatment plant (WWTP) is being exposed to effluents contaminated with metals like copper, cadmium, lead, and mercury. In this work, active sludges from the WWTP were analyzed. First, particle size distribution of flocs was measured by a sedimentation process. Secondly, analysis of the tolerance that microorganisms exhibit to metals (i.e., factors) was performed, based on a 2 $\hat {}$ ˆ (4-1) factorial design of experiments at laboratory-scale, measuring pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and electrical conductivity (responses). This aims to evaluate the capacity of the WWTP for improve the water quality. Microbiologic cultures were used for a qualitative study of the microorganisms contained in the active sludges; it was found that Enterobacterium does not grow in presence of heavy metals. Cadmium is the most harmful metal for microorganisms according to Pareto diagrams presented in this study.

Keywords

• Activated sludge plant
• Aerobic degradation
• Trace elements
• Wastewater