Green-Sustainable Recovery of Phenolic and Antioxidant Compounds from Industrial Chestnut Shells Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction: Optimization and Evaluation of Biological Activities In Vitro
Fátima Lameirão,
Diana Pinto,
Elsa F. Vieira,
Andreia F. Peixoto,
Cristina Freire,
Stefania Sut,
Stefano Dall’Acqua,
Paulo Costa,
Cristina Delerue-Matos,
Francisca Rodrigues
Affiliations
Fátima Lameirão
Polytechnic of Porto—School of Engineering, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
Diana Pinto
Polytechnic of Porto—School of Engineering, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
Elsa F. Vieira
Polytechnic of Porto—School of Engineering, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
Andreia F. Peixoto
REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
Cristina Freire
REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
Stefania Sut
DAFNAE, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
Stefano Dall’Acqua
DAFNAE, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
Paulo Costa
REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
Cristina Delerue-Matos
Polytechnic of Porto—School of Engineering, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
Francisca Rodrigues
Polytechnic of Porto—School of Engineering, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
Chestnut processing industry generates large amounts of by-products, including leaves, burs and shells that are a source of bioactive compounds. The purpose of this study was to establish an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic and antioxidant compounds from industrial chestnut shells. A central composite design (CCD) was conducted to analyze the effects of time (4−46 min) and temperature (34−76 °C) in the antioxidant activity (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) of chestnut shells extracts. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained at 70 °C for 40 min. The optimal extract was characterized regarding phenolic profile, radical scavenging capacity, and effects on intestinal and dermal cell lines. The optimal extract revealed high amounts of ellagic acid (40.4 µg/mg dw), followed by caffeic acid derivative (15.4 µg/mg dw) and epigallocatechin (15.3 µg/mg dw). Indeed, the extract exhibited the highest scavenging efficiencies against NO● (IC50 = 0.1 µg/mL) and HOCl (IC50 = 0.7 µg/mL) and did not conducted to a decrease on HaCaT and HFF-1 viability up to 100 μg/mL. Oppositely, a decrease on Caco-2 and HT29-MTX viability was observed. This study suggests that UAE could be a sustainable option to valorize chestnut shells as raw material for different industries.
