Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Finland
Emily Hielscher
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia; and Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Australia
Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland; and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland
Alexander Denissoff
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland
Anni-Emilia Alakokkare
Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland
James G. Scott
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Australia; and Metro North Mental Health Service, Australia
Solja Niemelä
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland; and Addiction Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Finland
Background Cannabis use has been associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorders. However, associations between adolescent cannabis use, depression and anxiety disorders are inconsistently reported in longitudinal samples. Aims To study associations of adolescent cannabis use with depression and anxiety disorders. Method We used data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, linked to nationwide registers, to study the association between adolescent cannabis use and depression and anxiety disorders until 33 years of age (until 2018). Results We included 6325 participants (48.8% male) in the analyses; 352 (5.6%) participants reported cannabis use until 15–16 years of age. By the end of the follow-up, 583 (9.2%) participants were diagnosed with unipolar depression and 688 (10.9%) were diagnosed with anxiety disorder. Cannabis use in adolescence was associated with an increased risk of depression and anxiety disorders in crude models. After adjusting for parental psychiatric disorder, baseline emotional and behavioural problems, demographic factors and other substance use, using cannabis five or more times was associated with increased risk of anxiety disorders (hazard ratio 2.01, 95% CI 1.15–3.82), and using cannabis once (hazard ratio 1.93, 95% CI 1.30–2.87) or two to four times (hazard ratio 2.02, 95% CI 1.24–3.31) was associated with increased risk of depression. Conclusions Cannabis use in adolescence was associated with an increased risk of future depression and anxiety disorders. Further research is needed to clarify if this is a causal association, which could then inform public health messages about the use of cannabis in adolescence.
