Cost-effectiveness analysis of carbetocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in a low-burden high-resource city of China

Abstract

Background Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal morbidity, and oxytocin is the first-line uterotonic agent for PPH prevention. Clinical findings have reported carbetocin to reduce PPH risk without increasing risk of important side effects. Hong Kong is a low PPH burden and high-resource city in China. We aimed to examine the cost-effectiveness of PPH prevention with carbetocin from the perspective of Hong Kong public healthcare provider. Methods A decision-analytic model was developed to simulate clinical and economic outcomes of carbetocin and oxytocin for PPH prevention in a hypothetical cohort of women at the third stage of labor following vaginal birth or Caesarean section (C-section). The model inputs were retrieved from literature and public data. Base-case analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed. The model time horizon was the postpartum hospitalization period. Primary model outcomes included PPH-related direct medical cost, PPH, hysterectomy, maternal death, and quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) loss. Results In base-case analysis, carbetocin (versus oxytocin) reduced PPH-related cost (by USD29 per birth), PPH ≥500 mL and ≥1,500 mL (by 13.7 and 1.9 per 1,000 births), hysterectomy (by 0.15 per 1,000 births), maternal death (by 0.02 per 1,000 births), and saved 0.00059 QALY per birth. Relative risk of PPH ≥500 mL with carbetocin versus oxytocin, and proportion of child births by C-section were two influential parameters identified in deterministic sensitivity analysis. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, carbetocin was accepted as cost-effective in >99.7% of the 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations at a willingness-to-pay threshold of zero USD/QALY. Conclusion PPH prevention with carbetocin appeared to reduce major unfavorable outcomes, and save cost and QALYs.