Adaptive Changes in Neurovascular Properties With Binocular Accommodation Functions in Myopic Participants by 3D Visual Training: An EEG and fNIRS Study

Abstract

Although three-dimensional visual training (3DVT) has been used for myopia intervention, its neural mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, visual function was examined before and after 3DVT, while resting-state EEG-fNIRS signals were recorded from 38 myopic participants. A graph theoretical analysis was applied to compute the neurovascular properties, including static brain networks (SBNs), dynamic brain networks (DBNs), and dynamic neurovascular coupling (DNC). Correlations between the changes in neurovascular properties and the changes in visual functions were calculated. After 3DVT, the local efficiency and node efficiency in the frontal lobes increased in the SBNs constructed from EEG $\delta $ -band; the global efficiency and node efficiency in the frontal-parietal lobes decreased in the DBNs variability constructed from EEG $\delta $ -band. For the DNC constructed with EEG $\alpha $ -band and oxyhemoglobin (HbO), the local efficiency decreased, for EEG $\alpha $ -band and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR), the node efficiency in the frontal-occipital lobes decreased. For the SBNs constructed from HbO, the functional connectivity (FC) between the frontal-occipital lobes increased. The DNC constructed between the FC of the frontal-parietal lobes from EEG $\beta $ -band and the FC of the frontal-occipital lobes from HbO increased, and between the FC of the frontal-occipital lobes from EEG $\beta $ -band and the FC of the inter-frontal lobes from HbR increased. The neurovascular properties were significantly correlated with the amplitude of accommodation and accommodative facility. The result indicated the positive effects of 3DVT on myopic participants, including improved efficiency of brain networks, increased FC of SBNs and DNC, and enhanced binocular accommodation functions.

Keywords

• Myopia
• three-dimensional visual training
• brain network
• electroencephalogram (EEG)
• functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)