Quality, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Enzymes of Raspberries at Different Maturity Stages, Effects of Organic vs. Conventional Fertilization
María Noemí Frías-Moreno,
Rafael A. Parra-Quezada,
Gustavo González-Aguilar,
Jacqueline Ruíz-Canizales,
Francisco Javier Molina-Corral,
David R. Sepulveda,
Nora Salas-Salazar,
Guadalupe I. Olivas
Affiliations
María Noemí Frías-Moreno
Faculty of Agrotechnological Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Pascual Orozco Avenue, Campus 1, Santo Niño, Chihuahua C.P. 31350, Mexico
Rafael A. Parra-Quezada
Faculty of Agrotechnological Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Pascual Orozco Avenue, Campus 1, Santo Niño, Chihuahua C.P. 31350, Mexico
Gustavo González-Aguilar
Coordination of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Center for Research in Food and Development, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Mexico
Jacqueline Ruíz-Canizales
Coordination of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Center for Research in Food and Development, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Mexico
Francisco Javier Molina-Corral
Center for Research in Food and Development, A.C. (CIAD), Rio Conchos S/N Parque Industrial Apdo. Postal 781, Cuauhtémoc C.P. 31570, Mexico
David R. Sepulveda
Coordination of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Center for Research in Food and Development, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Mexico
Nora Salas-Salazar
Faculty of Agrotechnological Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Pascual Orozco Avenue, Campus 1, Santo Niño, Chihuahua C.P. 31350, Mexico
Guadalupe I. Olivas
Center for Research in Food and Development, A.C. (CIAD), Rio Conchos S/N Parque Industrial Apdo. Postal 781, Cuauhtémoc C.P. 31570, Mexico
Raspberries are important sources of bioactive compounds, whose synthesis is influenced by the fertilization system and the maturity stage. This study evaluated the effect of organic and conventional fertilization systems on raspberries at three maturity stages, pink, ripe, and overripe. Physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds (phenolic profile, vitamin C), antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, TEAC, and ORAC), phenolic-associated enzyme, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and APX) were evaluated. The physicochemical determination of the fruit did not reveal differences between fertilization systems. Regarding bioactive compounds, higher content of anthocyanins was found in organic raspberries at all maturity stages. Organic fertilization increased the content of ellagic acid and gallic acid at all stages of maturity. Higher content of caffeic, hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic acid, and vitamin C was observed in organic raspberry at the overripe stage. Raspberries grown with organic fertilization exhibited higher values of antioxidant capacity by the DPPH, FRAP, and TEAC methods at all maturity stages. Raspberries under organic fertilization showed significantly greater activity of CAT, SOD, APX, GPX, and PAL. The present study suggests that organic fertilization induces oxidative stress causing an increase in antioxidant defense mechanisms, enhancing bioactive compound production, and improving antioxidant capacity in raspberries.
