Performance Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Image Classification Over Small Datasets: Diabetic Foot Case Study

Abstract

Data scarcity is a common and challenging issue when working with Artificial Intelligence solutions, especially those including Deep Learning (DL) models for tasks such as image classification. This is particularly relevant in healthcare scenarios, in which data collection requires a long-lasting process, involving specific control protocols. The performance of DL models is usually quantified by different classification metrics, which may provide biased results, due to the lack of sufficient data. In this paper, an innovative approach is proposed to evaluate the performance of DL models when labeled data is scarce. This approach, which aims to detect the poor performance provided by DL models, in spite of traditional assessing metrics indicating otherwise, is based on information theoretic concepts and motivated by the Information Bottleneck framework. This methodology has been evaluated by implementing several experimental configurations to classify samples from a plantar thermogram dataset, focused on early stage detection of diabetic foot ulcers, as a case study. The proposed network architectures exhibited high results in terms of classification metrics. However, as our approach shows, only two of those models are indeed consistent to generalize the data properly. In conclusion, a new methodology was introduced and tested to identify promising DL models for image classification over small datasets without relying exclusively on the widely employed classification metrics. Example code and supplementary material using a state-of-the-art DL model are available at https://github.com/mt4sd/PerformanceEvaluationScarceDataset.

Keywords

• Deep learning
• information theory
• information bottleneck
• diabetes
• thermal imaging