The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2023)
The Prevalence and Influence of Circumstellar Material around Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors
- Rachel J. Bruch,
- Avishay Gal-Yam,
- Ofer Yaron,
- Ping Chen,
- Nora L. Strotjohann,
- Ido Irani,
- Erez Zimmerman,
- Steve Schulze,
- Yi Yang,
- Young-Lo Kim,
- Mattia Bulla,
- Jesper Sollerman,
- Mickael Rigault,
- Eran Ofek,
- Maayane Soumagnac,
- Frank J. Masci,
- Christoffer Fremling,
- Daniel Perley,
- Jakob Nordin,
- S. Bradley Cenko,
- Anna Y. Q. Ho,
- S. Adams,
- Igor Adreoni,
- Eric C. Bellm,
- Nadia Blagorodnova,
- Kevin Burdge,
- Kishalay De,
- Richard G. Dekany,
- Suhail Dhawan,
- Andrew J. Drake,
- Dmitry A. Duev,
- Matthew Graham,
- Melissa L. Graham,
- Jacob Jencson,
- Emir Karamehmetoglu,
- Mansi M. Kasliwal,
- Shrinivas Kulkarni,
- A. A. Miller,
- James D. Neill,
- Thomas A. Prince,
- Reed Riddle,
- Benjamin Rusholme,
- Y. Sharma,
- Roger Smith,
- Niharika Sravan,
- Kirsty Taggart,
- Richard Walters,
- Lin Yan
Affiliations
- Rachel J. Bruch
- ORCiD
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel ; [email protected]
- Avishay Gal-Yam
- ORCiD
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel ; [email protected]
- Ofer Yaron
- ORCiD
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel ; [email protected]
- Ping Chen
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel ; [email protected]
- Nora L. Strotjohann
- ORCiD
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel ; [email protected]
- Ido Irani
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel ; [email protected]
- Erez Zimmerman
- ORCiD
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel ; [email protected]
- Steve Schulze
- ORCiD
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel ; [email protected]; The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University , AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Yi Yang
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel ; [email protected]
- Young-Lo Kim
- ORCiD
- Université de Lyon , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France; Department of Physics, Lancaster University , Lancs LA1 4YB, UK
- Mattia Bulla
- ORCiD
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University , AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Jesper Sollerman
- ORCiD
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University , AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Mickael Rigault
- ORCiD
- Université de Lyon , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Eran Ofek
- ORCiD
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel ; [email protected]
- Maayane Soumagnac
- ORCiD
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel ; [email protected]; Physics Department, Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan, Israel
- Frank J. Masci
- ORCiD
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Christoffer Fremling
- ORCiD
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Daniel Perley
- ORCiD
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
- Jakob Nordin
- ORCiD
- Institute of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- S. Bradley Cenko
- ORCiD
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , MC 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Anna Y. Q. Ho
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- S. Adams
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Igor Adreoni
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Eric C. Bellm
- ORCiD
- DIRAC Institute, Department of Astronomy, University of Washington , 3910 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Nadia Blagorodnova
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Kevin Burdge
- ORCiD
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Kishalay De
- ORCiD
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Richard G. Dekany
- ORCiD
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Suhail Dhawan
- ORCiD
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University , AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Andrew J. Drake
- ORCiD
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Dmitry A. Duev
- ORCiD
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Matthew Graham
- ORCiD
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Melissa L. Graham
- ORCiD
- University of Washington , Department of Astronomy Box 351580 Seattle WA 98195-1580, USA
- Jacob Jencson
- ORCiD
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Emir Karamehmetoglu
- ORCiD
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University , AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Mansi M. Kasliwal
- ORCiD
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Shrinivas Kulkarni
- ORCiD
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- A. A. Miller
- ORCiD
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , 1800 Sherman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA; The Adler Planetarium , Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- James D. Neill
- ORCiD
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Thomas A. Prince
- ORCiD
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Reed Riddle
- ORCiD
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Benjamin Rusholme
- ORCiD
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Y. Sharma
- ORCiD
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Roger Smith
- ORCiD
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Niharika Sravan
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Kirsty Taggart
- ORCiD
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
- Richard Walters
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Lin Yan
- ORCiD
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acd8be
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 952,
no. 2
p. 119
Abstract
Narrow transient emission lines (flash-ionization features) in early supernova (SN) spectra trace the presence of circumstellar material (CSM) around the massive progenitor stars of core-collapse SNe. The lines disappear within days after the SN explosion, suggesting that this material is spatially confined, and originates from enhanced mass loss shortly (months to a few years) prior to the explosion. We performed a systematic survey of H-rich (Type II) SNe discovered within less than 2 days from the explosion during the first phase of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey (2018–2020), finding 30 events for which a first spectrum was obtained within 36% at the 95% confidence level) confirms that elevated mass loss in massive stars prior to SN explosion is common. We find that SNe II showing flash-ionization features are not significantly brighter, nor bluer, nor more slowly rising than those without. This implies that CSM interaction does not contribute significantly to their early continuum emission, and that the CSM is likely optically thin. We measured the persistence duration of flash-ionization emission and find that most SNe show flash features for ≈5 days. Rarer events, with persistence timescales >10 days, are brighter and rise longer, suggesting these may be intermediate between regular SNe II and strongly interacting SNe IIn.
Keywords
