Photovoltaic limitations of FAPbI3 nanocrystal solar cells associated with ligand washing processes
F. Galatopoulos,
P. Papagiorgis,
A. Ioakeimidis,
A. Z. Chrusou,
A. Souzou,
C. Christodoulou,
C. Bernasconi,
M. I. Bodnarchuk,
E. Leontidis,
M. V. Kovalenko,
G. Itskos,
S. A. Choulis
Affiliations
F. Galatopoulos
Molecular Electronics and Photonics Research Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3603, Cyprus
P. Papagiorgis
Department of Physics, Experimental Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
A. Ioakeimidis
Molecular Electronics and Photonics Research Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3603, Cyprus
A. Z. Chrusou
Molecular Electronics and Photonics Research Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3603, Cyprus
A. Souzou
Department of Physics, Experimental Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
C. Christodoulou
Molecular Electronics and Photonics Research Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3603, Cyprus
C. Bernasconi
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
M. I. Bodnarchuk
Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
E. Leontidis
Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
M. V. Kovalenko
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
G. Itskos
Department of Physics, Experimental Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
S. A. Choulis
Molecular Electronics and Photonics Research Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3603, Cyprus
The processing of perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) solar cells (SCs) usually incorporates ligand washing (LW) procedures. We show that a LW step of FAI in EtAc assists in the removal of the oleic acid/oleylamine ligands and improves the JSC and FF values of FAPbI3 based SCs. Although by increasing the exposure time of EtAc the removal of oleic acid/oleylamine ligands is more effective, sintering/necking of the FAPbI3 results to NC agglomerations and formation of defects/traps are observed within the active layer by the reported photoluminescence studies. Despite identifying the balanced in LW procedure exposure time, limitations on the performance of FAPbI3 PNCs SCs are reported. To identify the photovoltaic limitations impedance spectroscopy studies are presented and show that in the case of FAPbI3 PNC SCs an intermediate frequency response manifests. The observed impedance spectroscopy intermediate frequency response correlates with a parasitic resistance effect, indicating charge transport limitations and charge recombination losses even after the applied LW processing procedure.
