Substituent‐controlled aggregate luminescence: Computational unraveling of S1/S0 surface crossing

Abstract

Abstract We computationally investigated the molecular aggregation effects on the excited state deactivation processes by considering both the direct vibrational relaxation and the S0/S1 surface crossing, that is, the minimum energy conical intersection (MECI). Taking classical AIEgens bis(piperidyl)anthracenes (BPAs) isomers and the substituted silole derivatives as examples, we show that the deformation of MECI always occurs at the atom with greater hole/electron overlap. Besides, the energetic and structural changes of MECI caused by substituent has been investigated. We find that effective substituent such as the addition of the electron‐donating groups, which can polarize the distribution of hole/electron density of molecules, will lead to the pyramidalization deformation of MECI occurring at the substituent position and simultaneously reduce the required energy to reach MECI. And MECI is sterically restricted by the surrounding molecules in solid phase, which remarkably hinders the non‐radiative decay through surface crossing. Through quantitative computational assessments of the fluorescence quantum efficiency for both solution and solid phases, we elucidate the role of MECI and its dependence on the substitutions through pyramidalization deformation, which give rise to the aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) phenomenon for 9,10‐BPA, to aggregation‐enhance emission (AEE) behavior for 1,4‐BPA, and to conventional aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) for 1,5‐BPA. We further verify such mechanism for siloles, for which we found that the substitutions do not change the AIE behavior. Our findings render a general molecular design approach to manipulating the aggregation effect for optical emission.

Keywords

• aggregation‐caused quenching
• aggregation‐induced emission
• minimum energy conical intersection
• substituent effect