Immature reticulocyte fraction: A novel biomarker of hemodynamic severity in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Abstract

Abstract Various erythropoietic abnormalities are highly prevalent among patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and associated with worse disease severity. Given the poorly understood yet important roles of dysregulated erythropoiesis and iron metabolism in PAH, we sought to further characterize the hematologic and iron profiles in PAH and their relationship to PAH severity. We recruited 67 patients with PAH and 13 healthy controls. Hemodynamics attained within 1 year of blood sample collection were available for 36 patients. Multiple hematologic, iron, and inflammatory parameters were evaluated for their association with hemodynamics. The subset with hemodynamic data consisted of 29 females (81%). The most common etiologies were idiopathic PAH (47%) and connective tissue disease‐related PAH (33%). 19 (53%) had functional class 3 or 4 symptomatology, and 12 (33%) were on triple pulmonary vasodilator therapy. Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) had significant positive correlations with mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure (mPAP) (0.59, p < 0.001), pulmonary vascular resistance (0.52, p = 0.001), and right atrial pressure (0.46, p = 0.005), and significant negative correlations with cardiac index (−0.43, p = 0.009), PA compliance (PAC) (−0.60, p < 0.001), stroke volume index (SVI) (−0.57, p < 0.001), and mixed venous oxygen saturation (−0.51, p = 0.003). IRF correlated with markers of iron deficiency (ID) and erythropoiesis. On multivariable linear regression, IRF was associated with elevated mPAP and reduced SVI and PAC independent of EPO levels, transferrin saturation, and soluble transferrin receptor levels. We identified IRF as a novel and potent biomarker of PAH hemodynamic severity, possibly related to its associations with erythropoiesis, ID, and tissue hypoxia.

Keywords

• erythropoiesis
• iron deficiency
• pulmonary hypertension
• red blood cell indices