Phytochemicals and Immunomodulatory Effect of <i>Nelumbo nucifera</i> Flower Extracts on Human Macrophages
Rungnapa Pankla Sranujit,
Chanai Noysang,
Patcharaporn Tippayawat,
Nateelak Kooltheat,
Thitiya Luetragoon,
Kanchana Usuwanthim
Affiliations
Rungnapa Pankla Sranujit
Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12130, Thailand
Chanai Noysang
Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12130, Thailand
Patcharaporn Tippayawat
Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
Nateelak Kooltheat
Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
Thitiya Luetragoon
Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
Kanchana Usuwanthim
Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
This research characterizes phytochemicals inherent in lotus flower and investigates the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of ethyl acetate (EA) and ethyl alcohol (ET) lotus petal extracts. In the experiment, human monocytes-derived macrophages were stimulated by lipopoly-saccharide to mimic bacteria-induced inflammation. The results showed that ferulic acid, couma-rin, and chlorogenic acid were three dominant polyphenols. The EA and ET lotus petal extracts also possessed high antioxidant capability. Furthermore, the extracts exhibited immunomodulatory properties by suppressing TNF-α secretion in inflammatory-induced human macrophages by in-hibiting NF-κB-dependent inflammatory response. In essence, the lotus petal extracts possess reme-dial attributes beneficial to individuals afflicted with declined immune functions.
