Pentagalloyl Glucose: A Review of Anticancer Properties, Molecular Targets, Mechanisms of Action, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety Profile
Chengli Wen,
Nathupakorn Dechsupa,
Zehui Yu,
Xu Zhang,
Sicheng Liang,
Xianying Lei,
Tao Xu,
Xiaolan Gao,
Qinxue Hu,
Phattarawadee Innuan,
Jiraporn Kantapan,
Muhan Lü
Affiliations
Chengli Wen
Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
Nathupakorn Dechsupa
Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Zehui Yu
Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
Xu Zhang
Luzhou Key Laboratory of Human Microecology and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, Luzhou 646000, China
Sicheng Liang
Luzhou Key Laboratory of Human Microecology and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, Luzhou 646000, China
Xianying Lei
Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
Tao Xu
Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
Xiaolan Gao
Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
Qinxue Hu
Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
Phattarawadee Innuan
Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Jiraporn Kantapan
Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Muhan Lü
Luzhou Key Laboratory of Human Microecology and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, Luzhou 646000, China
Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is a natural hydrolyzable gallotannin abundant in various plants and herbs. It has a broad range of biological activities, specifically anticancer activities, and numerous molecular targets. Despite multiple studies available on the pharmacological action of PGG, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of PGG are unclear. Here, we have critically reviewed the natural sources of PGG, its anticancer properties, and underlying mechanisms of action. We found that multiple natural sources of PGG are available, and the existing production technology is sufficient to produce large quantities of the required product. Three plants (or their parts) with maximum PGG content were Rhus chinensis Mill, Bouea macrophylla seed, and Mangifera indica kernel. PGG acts on multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways associated with the hallmarks of cancer to inhibit growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of several cancers. Moreover, PGG can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy by modulating various cancer-associated pathways. Therefore, PGG can be used for treating different human cancers; nevertheless, the data on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of PGG are limited, and further studies are essential to define the clinical use of PGG in cancer therapies.
