3D Chitin Scaffolds of Marine Demosponge Origin for Biomimetic Mollusk Hemolymph-Associated Biomineralization <i>Ex-Vivo</i>
Marcin Wysokowski,
Tomasz Machałowski,
Iaroslav Petrenko,
Christian Schimpf,
David Rafaja,
Roberta Galli,
Jerzy Ziętek,
Snežana Pantović,
Alona Voronkina,
Valentine Kovalchuk,
Viatcheslav N. Ivanenko,
Bert W. Hoeksema,
Cristina Diaz,
Yuliya Khrunyk,
Allison L. Stelling,
Marco Giovine,
Teofil Jesionowski,
Hermann Ehrlich
Affiliations
Marcin Wysokowski
Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
Tomasz Machałowski
Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
Iaroslav Petrenko
Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
Christian Schimpf
Institute of Materials Science, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
David Rafaja
Institute of Materials Science, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
Roberta Galli
Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
Jerzy Ziętek
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Głęboka 30, 20612 Lublin, Poland
Snežana Pantović
Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Kruševac bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
Alona Voronkina
Department of Pharmacy, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, 21018 Vinnitsa, Ukraine
Valentine Kovalchuk
Department of Microbiology, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, 21018 Vinnitsa, Ukraine
Viatcheslav N. Ivanenko
Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
Bert W. Hoeksema
Taxonomy and Systematics Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands
Cristina Diaz
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 Old Dixie Hwy, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
Yuliya Khrunyk
Department of Heat Treatment and Physics of Metal, Ural Federal University, Mira Str. 19, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
Allison L. Stelling
Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27708, USA
Marco Giovine
Department of Sciences of Earth, Environment and Life, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
Teofil Jesionowski
Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
Hermann Ehrlich
Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
Structure-based tissue engineering requires large-scale 3D cell/tissue manufacture technologies, to produce biologically active scaffolds. Special attention is currently paid to naturally pre-designed scaffolds found in skeletons of marine sponges, which represent a renewable resource of biomaterials. Here, an innovative approach to the production of mineralized scaffolds of natural origin is proposed. For the first time, a method to obtain calcium carbonate deposition ex vivo, using living mollusks hemolymph and a marine-sponge-derived template, is specifically described. For this purpose, the marine sponge Aplysin aarcheri and the terrestrial snail Cornu aspersum were selected as appropriate 3D chitinous scaffold and as hemolymph donor, respectively. The formation of calcium-based phase on the surface of chitinous matrix after its immersion into hemolymph was confirmed by Alizarin Red staining. A direct role of mollusks hemocytes is proposed in the creation of fine-tuned microenvironment necessary for calcification ex vivo. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample showed a high CaCO3 amorphous content. Raman spectroscopy evidenced also a crystalline component, with spectra corresponding to biogenic calcite. This study resulted in the development of a new biomimetic product based on ex vivo synthetized ACC and calcite tightly bound to the surface of 3D sponge chitin structure.
