Automatic Acne Severity Grading with a Small and Imbalanced Data Set of Low-Resolution Images

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Developing automatic acne vulgaris grading systems based on machine learning is an expensive endeavor in terms of data acquisition. A machine learning practitioner will need to gather high-resolution pictures from a considerable number of different patients, with a well-balanced distribution between acne severity grades and potentially very tedious labeling. We developed a deep learning model to grade acne severity with respect to the Investigator’s Global Assessment (IGA) scale that can be trained on low-resolution images, with pictures from a small number of different patients, a strongly imbalanced severity grade distribution and minimal labeling. Methods A total of 1374 triplets of images (frontal and lateral views) from 391 different patients suffering from acne labeled with the IGA severity grade by an expert dermatologist were used to train and validate a deep learning model that predicts the IGA severity grade. Results On the test set we obtained 66.67% accuracy with an equivalent performance for all grades despite the highly imbalanced severity grade distribution of our database. Importantly, we obtained performance on par with more tedious methods in terms of data acquisition which have the same simple labeling as ours but require either a more balanced severity grade distribution or large numbers of high-resolution images. Conclusions Our deep learning model demonstrated promising accuracy despite the limited data set on which it was trained, indicating its potential for further development both as an assistance tool for medical practitioners and as a way to provide patients with an immediately available and standardized acne grading tool. Trial Registration chinadrugtrials.org.cn identifier CTR20211314.

Keywords

• Automatic acne severity grading
• Machine learning
• Standardized method
• Data scarcity
• Low-resolution