The SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies, Their Diagnostic Utility, and Their Potential for Vaccine Development
Khalid Hajissa,
Ali Mussa,
Mohmed Isaqali Karobari,
Muhammad Adamu Abbas,
Ibrahim Khider Ibrahim,
Ali A Assiry,
Azhar Iqbal,
Saad Alhumaid,
Abbas Al Mutair,
Ali A. Rabaan,
Pietro Messina,
Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina
Affiliations
Khalid Hajissa
Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
Ali Mussa
Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
Muhammad Adamu Abbas
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano 3011, Nigeria
Ibrahim Khider Ibrahim
Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al Neelain University, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
Ali A Assiry
Preventive Dental Science Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia
Azhar Iqbal
Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
Saad Alhumaid
Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
Abbas Al Mutair
Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia
Antibodies (Abs) are important immune mediators and powerful diagnostic markers in a wide range of infectious diseases. Understanding the humoral immunity or the development of effective antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is a prerequisite for limiting disease burden in the community and aids in the development of new diagnostic, therapeutic, and vaccination options. Accordingly, the role of antiviral antibodies in the resistance to and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was explored. Antibody testing showed the potential in adding important diagnostic value to the routine diagnosis and clinical management of COVID-19. They could also play a critical role in COVID-19 surveillance, allowing for a better understanding of the full scope of the disease. The development of several vaccines and the success of passive immunotherapy suggest that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have the potential to be used in the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we highlight the role of antibodies in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide an update on their protective roles in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as vaccine development.
