Role of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids in Chemoprevention and Anticancer Treatment: An Overview on Targets and Underling Mechanisms

Abstract

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, BRCA1: Breast cancer gene 1, BRCA2: Breast cancer gene 2,WHO: World Health Organization, Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2 [NF-E2]-related factor 2 , NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, MDR: Multidrug resistance, AP-1: Activator protein 1, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase, SAPK: Stress-activated protein kinases, JNK: Jun amino-terminal kinases, HL-60: Human promyelocytic leukemia cells, HeLa: Immortal cell line, Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2, R-HepG2: Resistant human hepatoma, bFGF or FGF: fibroblast growth factor, VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor, NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription, AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase, R: Receptor, Apaf-1: Apoptic activating protease factor-1, IL-1β: Interleukin-1β, CREB: Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1, ERK: Extracellular signal–regulated kinases, PKC: Protein kinaseC, BID: BH3interacting-domain, S-G2/M: Cell cycle checkpoints, ↑p21/ WAF1: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or CDK-in teracting protein 1, Cdc2: Cell division cycle protein 2, Cdc25C: Cell Division Cycle 25 Homolog C, Bax: BCL 2 associated X protein, ERK: Extracellular signal–regulated kinases, IKK: I kappa B kinase, VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, GR: Growth receptor, NO: Nitric oxide

Keywords

• cancer
• pentacyclic triterpenoids
• apoptosis
• anti-angiogenic
• isoprene
• antiproliferative