The Astronomical Journal (Jan 2023)
A Massive Hot Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-rich Early M Star Discovered in the TESS Full-frame Images
- Tianjun Gan,
- Charles Cadieux,
- Farbod Jahandar,
- Allona Vazan,
- Sharon X. Wang,
- Shude Mao,
- Jaime A. Alvarado-Montes,
- D. N. C. Lin,
- Étienne Artigau,
- Neil J. Cook,
- René Doyon,
- Andrew W. Mann,
- Keivan G. Stassun,
- Adam J. Burgasser,
- Benjamin V. Rackham,
- Steve B. Howell,
- Karen A. Collins,
- Khalid Barkaoui,
- Avi Shporer,
- Jerome de Leon,
- Luc Arnold,
- George R. Ricker,
- Roland Vanderspek,
- David W. Latham,
- Sara Seager,
- Joshua N. Winn,
- Jon M. Jenkins,
- Artem Burdanov,
- David Charbonneau,
- Georgina Dransfield,
- Akihiko Fukui,
- Elise Furlan,
- Michaël Gillon,
- Matthew J. Hooton,
- Hannah M. Lewis,
- Colin Littlefield,
- Ismael Mireles,
- Norio Narita,
- Chris W. Ormel,
- Samuel N. Quinn,
- Ramotholo Sefako,
- Mathilde Timmermans,
- Michael Vezie,
- Julien de Wit
Affiliations
- Tianjun Gan
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]
- Charles Cadieux
- ORCiD
- Université de Montréal , Département de Physique, IREX, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Farbod Jahandar
- ORCiD
- Université de Montréal , Département de Physique, IREX, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Allona Vazan
- ORCiD
- Astrophysics Research Center (ARCO), Dept. of Natural Sciences, Open University of Israel , Raanana, 4353701, Israel
- Sharon X. Wang
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]
- Shude Mao
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]; National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, People’s Republic of China
- Jaime A. Alvarado-Montes
- ORCiD
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University , Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; The Macquarie University Astrophysics and Space Technologies Research Centre, Macquarie University , Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
- D. N. C. Lin
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; Institute for Advanced Studies Tsinghua University , Beijing 100086, People’s Republic of China
- Étienne Artigau
- ORCiD
- Université de Montréal , Département de Physique, IREX, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Neil J. Cook
- ORCiD
- Université de Montréal , Département de Physique, IREX, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- René Doyon
- ORCiD
- Université de Montréal , Département de Physique, IREX, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Andrew W. Mann
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255, USA
- Keivan G. Stassun
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , 6301 Stevenson Center Lane, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Physics, Fisk University , 1000 17th Avenue North, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Adam J. Burgasser
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, UC San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Benjamin V. Rackham
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Steve B. Howell
- ORCiD
- NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Karen A. Collins
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Khalid Barkaoui
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , 19C Allée du 6 Août, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , Calle Vía Láctea s/n, E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Avi Shporer
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Jerome de Leon
- ORCiD
- Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Luc Arnold
- ORCiD
- Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope , 65-1238 Mamalahoa Hwy., Kamuela, HI 96743, USA
- George R. Ricker
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Roland Vanderspek
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- David W. Latham
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Sara Seager
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Joshua N. Winn
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Jon M. Jenkins
- ORCiD
- NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Artem Burdanov
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- David Charbonneau
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Georgina Dransfield
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Akihiko Fukui
- ORCiD
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Elise Furlan
- ORCiD
- NASA Exoplanet Science Institute , Caltech/IPAC, Mail Code 100-22, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Michaël Gillon
- ORCiD
- Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , 19C Allée du 6 Août, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Matthew J. Hooton
- ORCiD
- Cavendish Laboratory , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Hannah M. Lewis
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Colin Littlefield
- ORCiD
- NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; Bay Area Environmental Research Institute , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Ismael Mireles
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico , 210 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Norio Narita
- ORCiD
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Astrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Chris W. Ormel
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]
- Samuel N. Quinn
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Ramotholo Sefako
- ORCiD
- South African Astronomical Observatory , P.O. Box 9, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
- Mathilde Timmermans
- Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , 19C Allée du 6 Août, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Michael Vezie
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Julien de Wit
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acf56d
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 166,
no. 4
p. 165
Abstract
Observations and statistical studies have shown that giant planets are rare around M dwarfs compared with Sun-like stars. The formation mechanism of these extreme systems has remained under debate for decades. With the help of the TESS mission and ground-based follow-up observations, we report the discovery of TOI-4201b, the most massive and densest hot Jupiter around an M dwarf known so far with a radius of 1.22 ± 0.04 R _J and a mass of 2.48 ± 0.09 M _J , about 5 times heavier than most other giant planets around M dwarfs. It also has the highest planet-to-star mass ratio ( q ∼ 4 × 10 ^−3 ) among such systems. The host star is an early M dwarf with a mass of 0.61 ± 0.02 M _⊙ and a radius of 0.63 ± 0.02 R _⊙ . It has significant supersolar iron abundance ([Fe/H] = 0.52 ± 0.08 dex). However, interior structure modeling suggests that its planet TOI-4201b is metal-poor, which challenges the classical core-accretion correlation of stellar−planet metallicity, unless the planet is inflated by additional energy sources. Building on the detection of this planet, we compare the stellar metallicity distribution of four planetary groups: hot/warm Jupiters around G/M dwarfs. We find that hot/warm Jupiters show a similar metallicity dependence around G-type stars. For M-dwarf host stars, the occurrence of hot Jupiters shows a much stronger correlation with iron abundance, while warm Jupiters display a weaker preference, indicating possible different formation histories.
Keywords
