Impulsive Effects and Complexity Dynamics in the Anti-Predator Model with IPM Strategies

Abstract

When confronted with the imminent threat of predation, the prey instinctively employ strategies to avoid being consumed. These anti-predator tactics involve individuals acting collectively to intimidate predators and reduce potential harm during an attack. In the present work, we propose a state-dependent feedback control predator-prey model that incorporates a nonmonotonic functional response, taking into account the anti-predator behavior observed in pest-natural enemy ecosystems within the agricultural context. The qualitative analysis of this model is presented utilizing the principles of impulsive semi-dynamical systems. Firstly, the stability conditions of the equilibria are derived by employing pertinent properties of planar systems. The precise domain of the impulsive set and phase set is determined by considering the phase portrait of the system. Secondly, a Poincaré map is constructed by utilizing the sequence of impulsive points within the phase set. The stability of the order-1 periodic solution at the boundary is subsequently analyzed by an analog of the Poincaré criterion. Additionally, this article presents various threshold conditions that determine both the existence and stability of an order-1 periodic solution. Furthermore, it investigates the existence of order-k (k≥2) periodic solutions. Finally, the article explores the complex dynamics of the model, encompassing multiple bifurcation phenomena and chaos, through computational simulations.

Keywords

• impulsive semi-dynamics system
• bifurcation analysis
• anti-predator behavior
• order-<i>k</i> periodic solution
• chaos