Dipstick Leukocyturia as a Kidney Damage Biomarker in Rural Uganda and Kenya

• Sahra Mohamed, BA, MS,
• Chi-Yuan Hsu, MD, MS,
• Edwin D. Charlebois, MPH, PhD,
• Jane Kabami, BNS, MPH,
• Mucunguzi Atukunda, MBChB, MPH,
• James Ayieko, MBChB, PhD,
• Gordon Orori, BSc,
• Matthew D. Hickey, MD,
• Maya Petersen, M.D, PhD,
• Moses R. Kamya, MBChB, MMed, MPH, PhD,
• Diane Havlir, MD,
• Michelle M. Estrella, MD, MHS,
• Anthony N. Muiru, MD, MPH

Affiliations

Sahra Mohamed, BA, MS

Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

Chi-Yuan Hsu, MD, MS

Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA

Edwin D. Charlebois, MPH, PhD

Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

Jane Kabami, BNS, MPH

Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda

Mucunguzi Atukunda, MBChB, MPH

Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda

James Ayieko, MBChB, PhD

Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya

Gordon Orori, BSc

Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya

Matthew D. Hickey, MD

Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Maya Petersen, M.D, PhD

Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Moses R. Kamya, MBChB, MMed, MPH, PhD

Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Diane Havlir, MD

Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Michelle M. Estrella, MD, MHS

Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA

Anthony N. Muiru, MD, MPH

Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Address for Correspondence: Anthony N. Muiru, MD, MPH, University of California-San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Ave, MUE 411, Box 0532, San Francisco, CA 94143-0532.