Assessment of Concentration and Health Indices of Selected Heavy Metals in Borehole Water in Ogwashi-Uku and its Satellite Towns in Delta State, Nigeria

Abstract

With increasing dependence on borehole water due to surface water contamination from industrial activities and urbanization, understanding the quality of groundwater has become critical. Hence, the objective of this paper was to determine the concentration and health indices of selected heavy metals in borehole water in Ogwashi-Uku and its satellite towns in Delta State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained show that the mean concentrations found were Cu (0.1233 ppm), Pb (0.078 ppm),Cd (0.016 ppm), and Zn (0.180 ppm). Notably, Pb levels were concerning in several samples,suggesting potential health risks associated with prolonged exposure. Using the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Target Cancer Risks (TCR), the results indicated that while some heavy metal concentrations exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits, others remained within acceptable thresholds. The study underscores the necessity for ongoing monitoring and regulation of groundwater quality to safeguard public health in the region, calls for further research into the sources of contamination and the implementation of effective water management strategies.

Keywords

• Heavy Metals; Concentration; Borehole Water