Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Metabolites Profiling and Biological Activities of Various <i>Capsicum annum cultivars</i>
Rizwan Ahmad,
Aljawharah Alqathama,
Mohammed Aldholmi,
Muhammad Riaz,
Ashraf N. Abdalla,
Ahmed Mostafa,
Hamdi M. Al-Said,
Abdulmalik M. Alqarni,
Riaz Ullah,
Sami S. Asgher,
Mohd Amir,
Heba Shaaban,
Wasim Ahmad
Affiliations
Rizwan Ahmad
Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Aljawharah Alqathama
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Aldholmi
Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Muhammad Riaz
Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18050, Pakistan
Ashraf N. Abdalla
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Mostafa
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Hamdi M. Al-Said
Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Abdulmalik M. Alqarni
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Riaz Ullah
Department of Pharmacognosy (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Sami S. Asgher
Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Mohd Amir
Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Heba Shaaban
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Wasim Ahmad
Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
This study evaluates the quality variation for twenty-seven capsicum fruit (CF) samples, in terms of their volatile oil composition and biological activities. The GCMS analysis revealed the presence of seventy one chemical compounds from different chemical classes with an average (%) composition of: 26.13 (alcohols) > 18.82 (hydrocarbons) > 14.97 (esters) > 3.08 (ketones) > 1.14 (others) > 1.07 (acids) > 0.72 (sugar) > 0.42 (aldehydes) > 0.15 (amino compounds). Alcohols and hydrocarbons were the most abundant in these CF samples with 1-Decanol, 2-octyl- and docosanoic acid, docosyl ester as the major components, respectively. The % inhibition in cytotoxicity assays was observed in the range of 9–47 (MCF7) and 4–41 (HCT116) whereas, the zone of inhibition (mm) for the antimicrobial activity was found to be 0.0–17 (P. aeruginosa) > 0.0–13 (E. coli and S. aureus). Moreover, the samples with the largest zone of inhibition in the agar-well-diffusion method (C16, C19, and C26) upon further evaluation presented the least MIC and MBC values against P. aeruginosa with an MIC and MBC (µg/mL) of 6.3 and 12.5, respectively. The outcome for GCMS and biological activities were further supported by statistical tools of PCA and K-mean cluster analysis which confirmed the C16 CF sample with the best activity followed by C5, C13 (the best cytotoxic), and C19, C26 (the best antimicrobial). The statistical analysis exhibited a high Chi-square value of 5931.68 (GCMS) and 32.19 (biological activities) with p = 0.00 for KMO and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity. The 27-CF samples were effectively distinguished based on quality variation, and the C16 CF sample exhibited significant potential for further study.
