A review of anatomy of lower end of esophagus

Abstract

The lower end of esophagus of 60 patients (40 males and 20 females) was viewed during the endoscopic examination of gastro intestinal tract (GIT) by using a gastroscope. The relationship between hiatus hernia and gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD) remains controversial. In hiatus hernia, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is displaced from the crural diaphragm into the chest, which reduces basal LES pressure and results in GERD. Sliding hiatal hernia in which the cardiac end of stomach, herniates through the hiatus is most common. The endoscopic examination depends upon the reliable anatomical landmarks that can be utilized in all patients to document the location of oesophageogastric junction (OGJ). The criteria for locating the OGJ must be reliable for making a reasonably practical decision during the endoscopy that will serve to enhance the proper diagnosis both by direct inspection and biopsy sampling.

Keywords

• lax les
• lax hiatus
• hiatus hernia
• gerd
• gastroscope