Non-Invasive Method to Detect Infection with <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Complex in Wild Boar by Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds Obtained from Feces with an Electronic Nose System
Kelvin de Jesús Beleño-Sáenz,
Juan Martín Cáceres-Tarazona,
Pauline Nol,
Aylen Lisset Jaimes-Mogollón,
Oscar Eduardo Gualdrón-Guerrero,
Cristhian Manuel Durán-Acevedo,
Jose Angel Barasona,
Joaquin Vicente,
María José Torres,
Tesfalem Geremariam Welearegay,
Lars Österlund,
Jack Rhyan,
Radu Ionescu
Affiliations
Kelvin de Jesús Beleño-Sáenz
Mechatronics Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla 080020, Colombia
Juan Martín Cáceres-Tarazona
GISM Group, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia
Pauline Nol
Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection, Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
Aylen Lisset Jaimes-Mogollón
GISM Group, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia
Oscar Eduardo Gualdrón-Guerrero
GISM Group, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia
Cristhian Manuel Durán-Acevedo
GISM Group, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia
Jose Angel Barasona
VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Joaquin Vicente
SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, ETSIA Ciudad Real, University of Castilla La Mancha & CSIC, 13003 Ciudad Real, Spain
María José Torres
Biomedical Institute of Sevilla (IBiS), University of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, 41071 Seville, Spain
Tesfalem Geremariam Welearegay
The Ångström Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 35, 75103 Uppsala, Sweden
Lars Österlund
The Ångström Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 35, 75103 Uppsala, Sweden
Jack Rhyan
Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection, Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
Radu Ionescu
Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
More effective methods to detect bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, in wildlife, is of paramount importance for preventing disease spread to other wild animals, livestock, and human beings. In this study, we analyzed the volatile organic compounds emitted by fecal samples collected from free-ranging wild boar captured in Doñana National Park, Spain, with an electronic nose system based on organically-functionalized gold nanoparticles. The animals were separated by the age group for performing the analysis. Adult (>24 months) and sub-adult (12–24 months) animals were anesthetized before sample collection, whereas the juvenile (<12 months) animals were manually restrained while collecting the sample. Good accuracy was obtained for the adult and sub-adult classification models: 100% during the training phase and 88.9% during the testing phase for the adult animals, and 100% during both the training and testing phase for the sub-adult animals, respectively. The results obtained could be important for the further development of a non-invasive and less expensive detection method of bovine tuberculosis in wildlife populations.
