Water Quality Assessment and Decolourisation of Contaminated Ex-Mining Lake Water Using Bioreactor Dye-Eating Fungus (BioDeF) System: A Real Case Study
Zarimah Mohd Hanafiah,
Ammar Radzi Azmi,
Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar,
Fabrizio Olivito,
Giovanni Golemme,
Zul Ilham,
Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin,
Nadzmin Razali,
Sarina Abdul Halim-Lim,
Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar
Affiliations
Zarimah Mohd Hanafiah
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Ammar Radzi Azmi
Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar
Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Fabrizio Olivito
Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
Giovanni Golemme
Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
Zul Ilham
Environmental Science and Management Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin
Environmental Science and Management Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Nadzmin Razali
Gamuda Land, Menara Gamuda, PJ Trade Centre, No. 8 Jalan PJU 8/8A, Bandar Damansara Perdana, Petaling Jaya 47820, Malaysia
Sarina Abdul Halim-Lim
Operational and Quality Management Unit, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
The environmental conditions of a lake are influenced by its type and various environmental forces such as water temperature, nutrients content, and longitude and latitude to which it is exposed. Due to population growth and development limits, former mining lakes are being converted to more lucrative land uses like those of recreational zones, agriculture, and livestock. The fungus Ganoderma lucidum has the potential to be utilised as a substitute or to perform synergistic bacteria-coupled functions in efficient contaminated lake water treatment. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the water quality and water quality index (WQI) of an ex-mining lake named Main Lake in the Paya Indah Wetland, Selangor. Furthermore, the current work simulates the use of a Malaysian fungus in decolourising the contaminated ex-mining lake by the BioDeF system in a 300 mL jar inoculated with 10% (v/v) of pre-grown Ganoderma lucidum pellets for 48 h. According to the results, the lake water is low in pH (5.49 ± 0.1 on average), of a highly intense dark brownish colour (average reading of 874.67 ± 3.7 TCU), and high in iron (Fe) content (3.2422 ± 0.2533 mg/L). The water quality index of the lake was between 54.59 and 57.44, with an average value of 56.45; thus, the water was categorized as Class III, i.e., under-polluted water, according to the Malaysian Department of Environment Water Quality Index (DOE-WQI, DOE 2020). The batch bioreactor BioDeF system significantly reduced more than 90% of the water’s colour. The utilization of Ganoderma lucidum as an adsorbent material offers a variety of advantages, as it is easily available and cultivated, and it is not toxic.
