Geoscientific Model Development (Nov 2017)
The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 3: The last millennium, scientific objective, and experimental design for the PMIP4 <i>past1000</i> simulations
- J. H. Jungclaus,
- E. Bard,
- M. Baroni,
- P. Braconnot,
- J. Cao,
- L. P. Chini,
- T. Egorova,
- T. Egorova,
- M. Evans,
- J. F. González-Rouco,
- H. Goosse,
- G. C. Hurtt,
- F. Joos,
- J. O. Kaplan,
- M. Khodri,
- K. Klein Goldewijk,
- K. Klein Goldewijk,
- N. Krivova,
- A. N. LeGrande,
- S. J. Lorenz,
- J. Luterbacher,
- J. Luterbacher,
- W. Man,
- A. C. Maycock,
- M. Meinshausen,
- M. Meinshausen,
- A. Moberg,
- R. Muscheler,
- C. Nehrbass-Ahles,
- B. I. Otto-Bliesner,
- S. J. Phipps,
- J. Pongratz,
- E. Rozanov,
- E. Rozanov,
- G. A. Schmidt,
- H. Schmidt,
- W. Schmutz,
- A. Schurer,
- A. I. Shapiro,
- M. Sigl,
- M. Sigl,
- J. E. Smerdon,
- S. K. Solanki,
- C. Timmreck,
- M. Toohey,
- I. G. Usoskin,
- S. Wagner,
- C.-J. Wu,
- K. L. Yeo,
- D. Zanchettin,
- Q. Zhang,
- E. Zorita
Affiliations
- J. H. Jungclaus
- Max Planck Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany
- E. Bard
- CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, College de France, Technopole de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
- M. Baroni
- CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, College de France, Technopole de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
- P. Braconnot
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA – CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- J. Cao
- Earth System Modeling Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- L. P. Chini
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- T. Egorova
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos and World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Davos, Switzerland
- T. Egorova
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- M. Evans
- Dept. of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- J. F. González-Rouco
- Dept. of Astrophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, IGEO (UCM-CSIC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- H. Goosse
- ELI/TECLIM, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- G. C. Hurtt
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- F. Joos
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- J. O. Kaplan
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- M. Khodri
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climate, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IPSL, UMR CNRS/IRD/MNHN, 75005 Paris, France
- K. Klein Goldewijk
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- K. Klein Goldewijk
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague/Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- N. Krivova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany
- A. N. LeGrande
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, USA
- S. J. Lorenz
- Max Planck Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany
- J. Luterbacher
- Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- J. Luterbacher
- Centre for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- W. Man
- LASG Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- A. C. Maycock
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- M. Meinshausen
- Australian-German Climate & Energy College, the University of Melbourne, Australia
- M. Meinshausen
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
- A. Moberg
- Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- R. Muscheler
- Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- C. Nehrbass-Ahles
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- B. I. Otto-Bliesner
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- S. J. Phipps
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- J. Pongratz
- Max Planck Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany
- E. Rozanov
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos and World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Davos, Switzerland
- E. Rozanov
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- G. A. Schmidt
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, USA
- H. Schmidt
- Max Planck Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany
- W. Schmutz
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos and World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Davos, Switzerland
- A. Schurer
- GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- A. I. Shapiro
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany
- M. Sigl
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- M. Sigl
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- J. E. Smerdon
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
- S. K. Solanki
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany
- C. Timmreck
- Max Planck Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany
- M. Toohey
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- I. G. Usoskin
- Space Climate Research Group and Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- S. Wagner
- Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
- C.-J. Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany
- K. L. Yeo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany
- D. Zanchettin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
- Q. Zhang
- Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- E. Zorita
- Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4005-2017
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 10
pp. 4005 – 4033
Abstract
The pre-industrial millennium is among the periods selected by the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (PMIP) for experiments contributing to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and the fourth phase of the PMIP (PMIP4). The past1000 transient simulations serve to investigate the response to (mainly) natural forcing under background conditions not too different from today, and to discriminate between forced and internally generated variability on interannual to centennial timescales. This paper describes the motivation and the experimental set-ups for the PMIP4-CMIP6 past1000 simulations, and discusses the forcing agents orbital, solar, volcanic, and land use/land cover changes, and variations in greenhouse gas concentrations. The past1000 simulations covering the pre-industrial millennium from 850 Common Era (CE) to 1849 CE have to be complemented by historical simulations (1850 to 2014 CE) following the CMIP6 protocol. The external forcings for the past1000 experiments have been adapted to provide a seamless transition across these time periods. Protocols for the past1000 simulations have been divided into three tiers. A default forcing data set has been defined for the Tier 1 (the CMIP6 past1000) experiment. However, the PMIP community has maintained the flexibility to conduct coordinated sensitivity experiments to explore uncertainty in forcing reconstructions as well as parameter uncertainty in dedicated Tier 2 simulations. Additional experiments (Tier 3) are defined to foster collaborative model experiments focusing on the early instrumental period and to extend the temporal range and the scope of the simulations. This paper outlines current and future research foci and common analyses for collaborative work between the PMIP and the observational communities (reconstructions, instrumental data).
