An Empirical Performance Evaluation of Transactional Solid-State Drives

Abstract

Solid-state drives (SSDs) have accelerated the architectural evolution of storage systems with several characteristics (e.g., out-of-place update) compared with hard disk drives (HDD). Out-of-place update of SSDs naturally can support transaction mechanism which is commonly used in systems to provide crash consistency. Thus, transactional functionality has been recently implemented inside solid-state drives (SSDs). However, this approach must be re-evaluated for enterprise storage with a standard interface to investigate their benefits in a more realistic and standard fashion. In this article, we explore the implications and challenges of transactional SSDs with different experiments. To evaluate the potential benefit of transactional SSDs, we design and implement the transactional functionality in a Samsung enterprise-class and SATA-based SSD (i.e., SM843TN) called TxSSD. We modify the local file systems (i.e., ext4 and btrfs) and a distributed parallel file system (i.e., Lustre) to utilize TxSSDs. Our modified file systems with TxSSDs provide crash consistency without redundant writes. We evaluate our file systems by using multiple micro and macro benchmarks. We analyze the performance results and demonstrate that TxSSDs may generate an overhead for supporting transactional functionality inside SSD.

Keywords

• Solid-state drives
• file system
• distributed file system
• performance
• consistency
• transaction