Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции (Sep 2016)
Application of DNA markers in molecular breeding and genetic studies of grapevine
Abstract
DNA technology has increasingly become more and more important over last years. They can be used to improve the breeding of agricultural plants. Grapevine is one of the oldest and most important cultured plants. This article presents a review of the world’s main achievements in grapevine genetics and markerassisted selection after the Vitis genome sequence. The process of creating new forms of grapes, as well as all crops, is based on the use of existing genetic diversity. For this reason, the problem of a detailed study of the gene pool of the genus Vitis, wild populations and varieties created by men during the long cultivation history of this crop becomes more and more important every year. The genome of Vitis vinifera L. is the fourth sequenced nuclear genome of higher plants. A number of genes and quantitative trait loci were identified and mapped by various research groups, and so were sets of DNA markers for the genes of economically valuable traits. The genes for resistance to the most harmful fungal pathogens Plasmopara vitikola, Erysiphe necator are the most studied. Advancements in genetic mapping and the use of DNA markers in traditional breeding made it possible to refine the genetic mechanism of seedlessness, an important trait in the breeding of table grapes. The study of the genetic control of the content of substances that determine the organoleptic properties of wines has also progressed. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is used in practice increasingly. Markers associated with disease resistance genes currently used for elimination of susceptible seedlings at the initial stage of large-scale breeding programs carried out in Germany, Italy and the United States. Thus, advances in molecular biology of grapevines creates a conducive situation for active use of DNA-marker technology in this culture.
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