The Potential of <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> in Mitigating Pesticide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Honey Bees Infected with <i>Nosema ceranae</i>

Abstract

Global climate change, environmental pollution, and frequent pesticide use severely reduce bee populations, greatly challenging beekeeping. Pesticides such as deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used to control mosquitoes, can kill individual bees and entire colonies, depending on the exposure. Due to mosquito resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, components that enhance their effect are commonly used. This study explores the potential of Agaricus bisporus mushroom extract in mitigating oxidative stress in bees triggered by pesticides and Nosema ceranae infection. Our findings indicate that A. bisporus extract significantly reduced mortality rates of bees and spore counts of N. ceranae. Furthermore, the extract demonstrated antioxidant properties that lower enzyme activity related to oxidative stress (CAT, SOD, and GST) and MDA concentration, which is linked to lipid peroxidation. These results indicate that natural extracts like A. bisporus can aid bee health by mitigating the effects of pesticides and pathogens on honey bees, thus improving biodiversity.

Keywords

• honey bees
• oxidative stress
• <i>Nosema ceranae</i>
• pesticides
• <i>Agaricus bisporus</i>
• deltamethrin