Long-Term Consumption of Anthocyanin-Rich Fruit Juice: Impact on Gut Microbiota and Antioxidant Markers in Lymphocytes of Healthy Males
Isabel Anna Maria Groh,
Alessandra Riva,
Dominik Braun,
Heidi G. Sutherland,
Owen Williams,
Tamara Bakuradze,
Gudrun Pahlke,
Elke Richling,
Larisa M. Haupt,
Lyn R. Griffiths,
David Berry,
Doris Marko
Affiliations
Isabel Anna Maria Groh
Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Alessandra Riva
Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Dominik Braun
Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Heidi G. Sutherland
Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation University of Technology (QUT), Queensland, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
Owen Williams
Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Tamara Bakuradze
Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
Gudrun Pahlke
Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Elke Richling
Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
Larisa M. Haupt
Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation University of Technology (QUT), Queensland, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
Lyn R. Griffiths
Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation University of Technology (QUT), Queensland, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
David Berry
Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Doris Marko
Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Polyphenols are considered protective against diseases associated with oxidative stress. Short-term intake of an anthocyanin-rich fruit juice resulted in significantly reduced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strand-breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and affected antioxidant markers in healthy volunteers. Consequently, effects of long-term consumption of fruit juice are of particular interest. In focus was the impact on nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the Nrf2-regulated genes NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) as well as effects on the gut microbiota. In a nine-week placebo-controlled intervention trial with 57 healthy male volunteers, consumption of anthocyanin-rich juice significantly increased NQO-1 and HO-1 transcript levels in PBLs compared to a placebo beverage as measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Three Nrf2-promotor single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), analyzed by pyrosequencing, indicated an association between individual Nrf2 transcript levels and genotype. Moreover, the Nrf2 genotype appeared to correlate with the presence of specific microbial organisms identified by 16S-PCR and classified as Spirochaetaceae. Furthermore, the microbial community was significantly affected by the duration of juice consumption and intake of juice itself. Taken together, long-term consumption of anthocyanin-rich fruit juice affected Nrf2-dependent transcription in PBLs, indicating systemic effects. Individual Nrf2 genotypes may influence the antioxidant response, thus requiring consideration in future intervention studies focusing on the Nrf2 pathway. Anthocyanin-rich fruit juice had an extensive impact on the gut microbiota.
