Educational level, ethnicity and mortality rates in Israel: national data linkage study

Abstract

Abstract Background Many studies have shown significant gaps in mortality, and cause specific mortality by educational status. This study investigated these measures in Israel by educational and ethnic status in recent decades. Method A mortality follow-up till 2017 was done of a cohort of Israeli residents aged 25–64 in 2000 who remained in Israel and had available educational data, grouped into under 8, 9–11, 12, 13–15 and 16 and above years of education. Indirect age adjustment was used to calculate Standard Mortality Ratios (SMRs) by sex and educational group, and a Cox regression model to assess relative risk of total and cause specific mortality controlling for age and ethnic group (Jews and Others and Arabs).The analysis was repeated for each ethnic group separately. Results 2,776,422 persons were included of whom 174,792 (6.3%) died till 2017. SMR’s for total mortality of males and females with less than 8 years of education compared to 16 and over were 2.2 and 1.8, respectively. Corresponding HR were 2.13 (95% CI 2.08–2.18) and 1.77 (95% CI 1.72–1.82), respectively. The highest cause specific hazard ratios in males were for homicide, 4.40 (95% CI 3.19–6.07), respiratory diseases, 4.01 (95% CI 3.61–4.44), infectious diseases, 3.55 (95% CI 3.15–3.19) and diabetes 3.41 (95% CI 3.06–3.79) and in females for diabetes, 4.41 (95% CI 3.76–5.16), infectious diseases, 4.16 (95% CI 3.52–4.91), respiratory diseases, 4.13 (95% CI 3.55–4.81), and heart disease, 2.96 (95% CI 2.66–3.29). Education-adjusted risk of all-cause mortality for Arab males was 1.07 (1.05–1.09) times that of Jews and Others and non-significant in females. High mortality risk was found for Arab males and females compared to Jews and Others for homicide, diabetes, heart and cerebrovascular disease and for respiratory disease in males. Lower risk was found for suicide and infectious diseases in both sexes and cancer in females. Conclusion We found significant effect of educational level on all-cause and cause specific mortality, particularly respiratory diseases, infectious diseases, diabetes and homicide. Our results highlight the importance of increasing the educational level of all groups in the population and of encouraging healthy behavior in the lower educated.

Keywords

• Mortality
• Causes of death
• Educational level
• Educational gradient
• Population group