Adlay Seed (<i>Coix lacryma-jobi</i> L. var. <i>Ma-yuen</i> Stapf.) Ethanolic Extract Fractions and Subfractions Induce Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Breast and Cervical Cancer Cell Lines
Yi-Fen Chiang,
Cheng-Pei Chung,
Jing-Hui Lin,
Wenchang Chiang,
Hsin-Yuan Chen,
Mohamed Ali,
Yin-Hwa Shih,
Kai-Lee Wang,
Tsui-Chin Huang,
Hsin-Yi Chang,
Li-Chun Lin,
Tzong-Ming Shieh,
Shih-Min Hsia
Affiliations
Yi-Fen Chiang
School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
Cheng-Pei Chung
Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
Jing-Hui Lin
College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
Wenchang Chiang
College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
Hsin-Yuan Chen
School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
Mohamed Ali
Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
Yin-Hwa Shih
Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
Kai-Lee Wang
Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung City 203301, Taiwan
Tsui-Chin Huang
Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
Hsin-Yi Chang
Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
Li-Chun Lin
School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
Tzong-Ming Shieh
School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
Shih-Min Hsia
School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
The antitumor effects of Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf. (adlay seed) ethanolic extract have been increasingly shown. This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of both the fractions and subfractions of adlay seed ethanolic extract on the human breast (MCF-7) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines, as well as exploring their possible mechanisms of action. The ethanolic extracts were obtained from different parts of adlay seed, including AHE (adlay hull extract), ATE (adlay testa extract), ABE (adlay bran extract) and PAE (polished adlay extract). The results of a 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl- tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that AHE-Ea and ATE-Ea showed significant growth inhibitory effects in a dose-dependent manner. The results also showed that the AHE-Ea-K, AHE-Ea-L, ATE-Ea-E and ATE-Ea-F subfractions inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and decreased CDK4/Cyclin D1 protein expression. Finally, the extract activated caspase-3 activity and PARP protein expression, which induced MCF-7 and HeLa cell apoptosis. We then used liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to identify the potential active components., Quercetin showed an anticancer capacity. In conclusion, the AHE-Ea-K, AHE-Ea-L, ATE-Ea-E and ATE-Ea-F subfractions showed antitumor effects through the inhibition of MCF-7 and HeLa cell line viability, as well as inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
