Physics Letters B (Feb 2021)
Symmetry energy investigation with pion production from Sn+Sn systems
- G. Jhang,
- J. Estee,
- J. Barney,
- G. Cerizza,
- M. Kaneko,
- J.W. Lee,
- W.G. Lynch,
- T. Isobe,
- M. Kurata-Nishimura,
- T. Murakami,
- C.Y. Tsang,
- M.B. Tsang,
- R. Wang,
- D.S. Ahn,
- L. Atar,
- T. Aumann,
- H. Baba,
- K. Boretzky,
- J. Brzychczyk,
- N. Chiga,
- N. Fukuda,
- I. Gasparic,
- B. Hong,
- A. Horvat,
- K. Ieki,
- N. Inabe,
- Y.J. Kim,
- T. Kobayashi,
- Y. Kondo,
- P. Lasko,
- H.S. Lee,
- Y. Leifels,
- J. Łukasik,
- J. Manfredi,
- A.B. McIntosh,
- P. Morfouace,
- T. Nakamura,
- N. Nakatsuka,
- S. Nishimura,
- R. Olsen,
- H. Otsu,
- P. Pawłowski,
- K. Pelczar,
- D. Rossi,
- H. Sakurai,
- C. Santamaria,
- H. Sato,
- H. Scheit,
- R. Shane,
- Y. Shimizu,
- H. Simon,
- A. Snoch,
- A. Sochocka,
- Z. Sosin,
- T. Sumikama,
- H. Suzuki,
- D. Suzuki,
- H. Takeda,
- S. Tangwancharoen,
- H. Toernqvist,
- Y. Togano,
- Z.G. Xiao,
- S.J. Yennello,
- J. Yurkon,
- Y. Zhang,
- Maria Colonna,
- Dan Cozma,
- Paweł Danielewicz,
- Hannah Elfner,
- Natsumi Ikeno,
- Che Ming Ko,
- Justin Mohs,
- Dmytro Oliinychenko,
- Akira Ono,
- Jun Su,
- Yong Jia Wang,
- Hermann Wolter,
- Jun Xu,
- Ying-Xun Zhang,
- Zhen Zhang
Affiliations
- G. Jhang
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Corresponding authors.
- J. Estee
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Physics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- J. Barney
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Physics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- G. Cerizza
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- M. Kaneko
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kita-shirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- J.W. Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- W.G. Lynch
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Physics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Corresponding authors.
- T. Isobe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Corresponding authors.
- M. Kurata-Nishimura
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- T. Murakami
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kita-shirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Corresponding authors.
- C.Y. Tsang
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Physics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- M.B. Tsang
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Physics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Corresponding authors.
- R. Wang
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- D.S. Ahn
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- L. Atar
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- T. Aumann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- H. Baba
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- K. Boretzky
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- J. Brzychczyk
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- N. Chiga
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- N. Fukuda
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- I. Gasparic
- Division of Experimental Physics, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia; RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- B. Hong
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- A. Horvat
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- K. Ieki
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- N. Inabe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Y.J. Kim
- Rare Isotope Science Project, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
- T. Kobayashi
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Y. Kondo
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- P. Lasko
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
- H.S. Lee
- Rare Isotope Science Project, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
- Y. Leifels
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- J. Łukasik
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
- J. Manfredi
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Physics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- A.B. McIntosh
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- P. Morfouace
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- T. Nakamura
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- N. Nakatsuka
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kita-shirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- S. Nishimura
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- R. Olsen
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- H. Otsu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- P. Pawłowski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
- K. Pelczar
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- D. Rossi
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- H. Sakurai
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- C. Santamaria
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- H. Sato
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- H. Scheit
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- R. Shane
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Y. Shimizu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- H. Simon
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- A. Snoch
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- A. Sochocka
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Z. Sosin
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- T. Sumikama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- H. Suzuki
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- D. Suzuki
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- H. Takeda
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- S. Tangwancharoen
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- H. Toernqvist
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Y. Togano
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Z.G. Xiao
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- S.J. Yennello
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- J. Yurkon
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Y. Zhang
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Maria Colonna
- INFN-LNS, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Dan Cozma
- IFIN-HH, Reactorului 30, 077125 Mǎgurele-Bucharest, Romania
- Paweł Danielewicz
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Physics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Hannah Elfner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Natsumi Ikeno
- Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan
- Che Ming Ko
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Justin Mohs
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Dmytro Oliinychenko
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Akira Ono
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Jun Su
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
- Yong Jia Wang
- School of Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
- Hermann Wolter
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Jun Xu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Ying-Xun Zhang
- China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
- Zhen Zhang
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
- Journal volume & issue
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Vol. 813
p. 136016
Abstract
In the past two decades, pions created in the high density regions of heavy ion collisions have been predicted to be sensitive at high densities to the symmetry energy term in the nuclear equation of state, a property that is key to our understanding of neutron stars. In a new experiment designed to study the symmetry energy, the multiplicities of negatively and positively charged pions have been measured with high accuracy for central 132Sn+124Sn, 112Sn+124Sn, and 108Sn+112Sn collisions at E/A=270 MeV with the SπRIT Time Projection Chamber. While individual pion multiplicities are measured to 4% accuracy, those of the charged pion multiplicity ratios are measured to 2% accuracy. We compare these data to predictions from seven major transport models. The calculations reproduce qualitatively the dependence of the multiplicities and their ratios on the total neutron and proton number in the colliding systems. However, the predictions of the transport models from different codes differ too much to allow extraction of reliable constraints on the symmetry energy from the data. This finding may explain previous contradictory conclusions on symmetry energy constraints obtained from pion data in Au+Au system. These new results call for still better understanding of the differences among transport codes, and new observables that are more sensitive to the density dependence of the symmetry energy.
