AlF₃-Modified Carbon Anodes for Aluminum Electrolysis: Oxidation Resistance and Microstructural Evolution

Abstract

The aluminum electrolysis industry faces significant challenges due to the high consumption and environmental impact of carbon anodes, which are prone to oxidation in high-temperature and strongly oxidizing environments. This study innovatively introduces aluminum fluoride (AlF3) as an additive to enhance the oxidation resistance of carbon anodes for aluminum electrolysis. By systematically exploring microstructural evolution through SEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and permeability analyses, it reveals that AlF3 inserts fluorine atoms into carbon interlayers, forming F-C bonds that reduce interlayer spacing while promoting graphitization. Simultaneously, AlF3-derived α-Al2O3 particles densify the anode and make it more compact, reaching the optimum when 7 wt.% AlF3 is doped. The bulk density of the carbon anode increased to 2.08 g/cm3, porosity decreased to 0.315, and air permeability reached a minimum of 2.3 nPm. In addition, the fluorine intercalation reduces the electrical resistance to 2.12 Ω via conductive F-C clusters. The demonstrated efficacy of AlF3 additives in enhancing the oxidation resistance and conductivity of carbon anodes suggests strong potential for industrial adoption, particularly in optimizing anode composition to reduce energy consumption.

Keywords

• aluminum electrolysis
• carbon anode
• aluminum fluoride (AlF₃)
• oxidation resistance